How to Get Into Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine: The Definitive Guide (2024)

The Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine (VTCSOM) is a leading medical school located in Roanoke, Virginia, offering an innovative approach to medical education. Established in 2008, VTCSOM integrates academics with clinical excellence, focusing on patient-centered care, research, and community service. It boasts a strong emphasis on research-driven education, preparing its graduates to thrive as physician thought leaders. With clinical training through Carilion Clinic, students benefit from diverse patient populations and real-world experiences in a Level 1 Trauma Center.

Overview of the School

VTCSOM is situated in Roanoke, an urban setting nestled in the scenic Blue Ridge Mountains, providing a unique blend of outdoor recreational opportunities and access to advanced medical facilities. The school is the ninth college of Virginia Tech, which ensures its medical students benefit from the vast resources of a large public research institution while maintaining the personal attention of a smaller school. The strong connection between Virginia Tech and the Carilion Clinic allows for rich collaboration between academic research and clinical practice, creating an environment where students learn to translate research from bench to bedside effectively.

Key Statistics About Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine

Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine in Roanoke, Virginia, offers a unique medical education experience with an emphasis on research, clinical training, and health systems science. Below are the key statistics for prospective students.

Class Size and Demographics

Class Size: 51 students per cohort
Gender Distribution: 24 men, 24 women, 1 other gender identity, 1 decline to answer
Underrepresented Minorities: Not specified

GPA and MCAT Statistics

Median Total GPA: 3.7
Median MCAT Total Score: 513

Admissions Data

Total Verified Applications: 6,184 applications received annually
Interviewed Applicants: 287 candidates
Matriculated Students: 50 students
Acceptance Rate: Approximately 0.8%
Application Deadline: December 1, 2024
Interview Season: Early August 2024

Tuition and Fees (2024-2025 Academic Year)

Tuition and Fees:
- In-state: $60,412
- Out-of-state: $60,412
Additional Costs:
- Health Insurance: $3,645
- Other Expenses: $27,667

Financial Aid and Scholarships

Percentage of Students Receiving Financial Aid: 100%
Average Graduate Indebtedness: $221,179
Scholarships: Merit-based and need-based scholarships available

Academic Structure

Program Length: 4 years
Phase I (Years 1 & 2): Foundations in basic science, clinical science, research, and health systems science
Phase II (Years 3 & 4): Clinical rotations and electives, integrated with continuing education in research and interprofessional practice

Clinical Rotation Sites

Affiliated Hospitals: Carilion Clinic and its network of hospitals and outpatient facilities across Virginia

Student Support and Resources

Support Services:
- Academic advising
- Career counseling
- Mental health services
- Financial aid counseling
Student Organizations: Multiple student-led interest groups and specialty organizations available

Match and Residency Data

Specialties:
- Internal Medicine: 18%
- Surgery General: 16%
- Emergency Medicine: 11%
- Obstetrics/Gynecology: 14%
- Pediatrics: 9%
Affiliated Hospitals: Carilion Clinic and community hospitals across western Virginia

Facilities and Learning Environment

Campus Size: Located in Roanoke, VA
Key Facilities:
- Advanced Simulation Center
- Clinical Skills Training Center
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute

Important Dates

Application Deadline: December 1, 2024
Interview Season: Early August 2024
Classes Begin: July 28, 2025

Diversity and Inclusion

Commitment to Diversity: VTCSOM promotes a diverse and inclusive environment with efforts to attract underrepresented students.
Diversity Programs:
- Office of Diversity Programs
- Resources for LGBTQ+ students and underrepresented minorities

Research Opportunities

Research Focus Areas:
- Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience
- Cardiovascular Sciences
- Health Behavior and Human Development
Research Collaborations: Opportunities with the Fralin Biomedical Research Institute and Carilion Clinic

These statistics highlight the Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine’s focus on research, clinical education, and fostering an inclusive environment. Prospective students should consider how the institution’s offerings align with their medical career goals and personal values.

Educational Approach

VTCSOM employs a patient-centered, problem-based learning (PBL) curriculum, where students work in small groups to solve real-world medical cases. The school’s educational philosophy emphasizes early clinical exposure, beginning in the first year of study, coupled with strong research training. Students are required to complete a research project before graduation, preparing them to become innovators in the healthcare field. The curriculum fosters interprofessional collaboration, ensuring that graduates are equipped to work in multidisciplinary healthcare teams.

Key Components of the Curriculum

Patient-Centered Learning: Clinical experiences start in the first week.
Problem-Based Learning: Small group discussions using real patient cases.
Health Systems Science: Focus on interprofessional collaboration and healthcare systems.
Research Requirement: Each student completes a hypothesis-driven research project, including a written manuscript suitable for publication.

Purpose of the Guide

This guide is designed to provide a clear and detailed understanding of what it takes to gain admission to Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine. From key admissions data and application strategies to an overview of the curriculum and campus life, this guide will cover everything you need to know to prepare a competitive application and make an informed decision about attending VTCSOM.

Topics Covered in This Guide

Key Statistics
Mission Statement and Vision
Accreditation and Recognition
Degree Programs and Educational Pathways
Curriculum and Clinical Training Highlights
Admissions Requirements and Process
Financial Aid and Scholarship Opportunities
Notable Alumni and Faculty
Campus Resources and Student Life
Successful Applicant Profiles
Application Tips and Strategies
Secondary Application Questions
Frequently Asked Questions

Key Statistics

Application Deadline: December 1, 2024
Median MCAT: 513
Median GPA: 3.7
Tuition (In-state and Out-of-state): $60,412 per year
Class Size: 51 students
Acceptance Rate: 0.8%
Combined Degrees Offered: MD/PhD, MD/MPH, MD/MBA

Mission Statement and Vision

VTCSOM’s mission is to develop physician thought leaders through a curriculum based on research, inquiry, and patient-centered care. The school aims to train graduates with outstanding clinical skills and enhanced research capabilities, fostering life-long learners who excel in interprofessional collaboration. VTCSOM envisions its graduates becoming highly sought-after physicians who lead in clinical care, research, and healthcare innovation.

Accreditation and Recognition

Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine is fully accredited by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME). This accreditation confirms that the school meets the highest standards of medical education in the United States. VTCSOM is also recognized for its strong emphasis on research and its innovative educational approach, blending medical training with practical, patient-centered experiences.

Degree Programs and Educational Pathways

VTCSOM offers the traditional MD degree with opportunities to pursue combined degree programs such as:

MD/PhD: Ideal for students aiming for careers in academic medicine and research.
MD/MPH: For those focusing on public health and preventive medicine.
MD/MBA: Designed for students interested in healthcare administration and management.

Each of these programs integrates with VTCSOM’s core MD curriculum, allowing students to customize their education based on their career interests.

Advanced Degree Opportunities at Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine

Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine (VTCSOM) offers a range of advanced degree programs for students interested in expanding their academic and professional credentials. These opportunities enable students to integrate additional disciplines into their medical training, such as business and public health, further enhancing their career prospects.

Master in Business Administration (MBA)

The MD/MBA program allows VTCSOM students to pursue an MBA degree from Virginia Tech. The coursework is completed over one year, typically between the second (M2) and third (M3) years of medical school. The MBA program is delivered entirely online, with 50% of the material taught during synchronous weekend classes, and the other 50% offered asynchronously. This program equips medical practitioners with skills in both medicine and management, preparing them for leadership roles in healthcare organizations.

For more information on the MD/MBA program, students can contact Rebecca McGill, Associate Director of MBA Recruiting, at rmcgill@vt.edu or 703-538-8497.

Master of Public Health (MPH)

VTCSOM offers students the option to pursue a Master of Public Health (MPH) degree. This program is available through two options:

Deferred MD Acceptance Option: Students may defer their MD program admission to complete the MPH coursework.
Gap Year Option: Students can choose to take a gap year between their medical studies to complete the MPH program.

Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health (TBMH)

For students interested in research, VTCSOM offers both Master of Science (MS) and Doctorate in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health (PhD) programs. These programs focus on interdisciplinary approaches to solving complex health challenges through research.

Students interested in these programs should reach out to Veronica Van Montfrans, PhD, for more information on the Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health programs.

How International Medical Aid’s (IMA) Services Align with the Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine (VTCSOM) Mission

Enhancing Medical Education Through Global Health Initiatives

Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine (VTCSOM) emphasizes the development of physician thought leaders equipped with both clinical excellence and robust research capabilities. This focus on fostering leadership, research, and patient-centered care in a modern healthcare environment aligns strongly with the global health initiatives offered by International Medical Aid. These initiatives provide students with the opportunity to enhance their education through direct exposure to diverse healthcare systems and global health challenges.

Global Internships and Experiences

Participating in IMA’s global health internships allows VTCSOM students to engage in hands-on medical experiences in underserved regions across the world. These experiences complement VTCSOM’s mission to integrate health systems science, research, and interprofessional practice into medical education. Whether working in rural clinics in Africa or community hospitals in Asia, students are exposed to healthcare models that expand their clinical skills and cultural competency—attributes that are crucial in VTCSOM’s goal of training well-rounded physicians.

For example, VTCSOM’s curriculum places significant emphasis on health systems science and interprofessional practice. By engaging in IMA’s programs, students can directly apply these concepts in real-world scenarios, such as addressing social determinants of health in low-resource settings. These global experiences not only enhance students’ medical knowledge but also instill a deeper understanding of healthcare inequities, aligning with VTCSOM’s commitment to improving health outcomes both locally and globally.

IMA Admissions Consulting

IMA’s admissions consulting services provide a strategic advantage for prospective VTCSOM applicants. VTCSOM looks for candidates who demonstrate leadership, research, and dedication to serving communities. Through IMA’s guidance, applicants can effectively showcase how their global health experiences reflect these values. Academic consulting services can help applicants articulate how participating in medical missions and healthcare projects in developing countries has shaped their commitment to VTCSOM’s mission.

For instance, an applicant may highlight how volunteering in a rural clinic exposed them to healthcare delivery challenges and inspired their passion for patient-centered care. Framing such experiences within VTCSOM’s educational objectives, applicants can demonstrate alignment with the school’s focus on producing physicians who are capable of contributing to innovative, evidence-based healthcare.

Fostering Innovation and Leadership

Global health initiatives foster the kind of critical thinking and leadership VTCSOM values. Students participating in IMA’s programs are often placed in environments where they must develop innovative solutions with limited resources, reinforcing VTCSOM’s mission to develop leaders in healthcare. These international experiences also prepare students to handle the complexities of modern healthcare systems and contribute to improving patient outcomes on a global scale.

By offering immersive, challenging environments, IMA’s programs equip students with problem-solving skills and adaptability—core competencies VTCSOM emphasizes in its training. Students who engage in these global health internships return with a broadened perspective, ready to tackle the demands of modern healthcare and contribute to advancing health equity in a global context.

International Medical Aid’s global health initiatives and admissions consulting services are a natural extension of Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine’s mission. By participating in these programs, VTCSOM students can further their medical education, enhance their clinical and research skills, and develop the leadership qualities needed to thrive in a patient-centered, research-oriented healthcare environment.

Curriculum and Clinical Training Highlights

VTCSOM’s curriculum is structured to blend basic sciences with early clinical exposure. The curriculum is divided into three phases:

Phase I: Preclinical Education (Years 1-2)

During the first two years, students participate in problem-based learning sessions, attend lectures on basic medical sciences, and start clinical experiences through the Longitudinal Ambulatory Care Experience (LACE). They learn clinical skills in simulated environments and through standardized patient encounters.

Phase II: Clinical Rotations (Year 3)

In the third year, students complete core clinical rotations in fields such as internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, psychiatry, and family medicine. These rotations occur at Carilion Clinic’s hospitals and affiliated sites, providing a broad range of patient care experiences.

Phase III: Advanced Clinical Training (Year 4)

The final year includes elective rotations, sub-internships, and opportunities for advanced clinical training. Students can explore specialties of interest and complete their required research projects, which culminate in a presentation and a publishable paper.

Phase One (Years 1 and 2) of the Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine Curriculum

Phase One of the curriculum at Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine (VTCSOM) spans the first two years and is designed to provide students with a strong foundation in essential domains of medical practice. This phase is structured around four key pillars: basic science, clinical science, research, and health systems science and interprofessional practice. Each block builds on previous knowledge and introduces new concepts and skills. Students are immersed in a blend of classroom learning, clinical experiences, and research opportunities.

Year 1: Focus on Normal Structure and Function

Year 1 is organized into four 8-week blocks, with each block followed by exams and a period for special studies. The year focuses on understanding normal human structure and function, while also integrating clinical skills and research methodology.

Block I (August – October): Functional Biology of Cells and Tissues

Basic Science: Cell biology, histology, biochemistry, immunology, hematological systems, musculoskeletal anatomy, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics.
Clinical Science: Introduction to patient-centered interviewing, musculoskeletal physical exams (including ultrasound), and universal precautions.
Research: Fundamentals of research, covering the scientific method, research principles, and protection of human subjects.
Health Systems Science and Interprofessional Practice: Introduction to systems thinking, population health, and leadership in healthcare.

Block II (October – December): Human Body I

Basic Science: Cardiovascular and respiratory systems, musculoskeletal anatomy, and early embryology.
Clinical Science: Cardiovascular and pulmonary physical exams, patient interviewing, and longitudinal ambulatory care (LACE).
Research: Introduction to biostatistics and epidemiology.
Health Systems Science and Interprofessional Practice: Team dynamics, communication skills, and leadership in healthcare.

Block III (January – March): Human Body II

Basic Science: Abdominopelvic anatomy, GI tract, liver, renal systems, pharmacology, and reproductive systems.
Clinical Science: Abdominal exams, male and female genitourinary exams, breast exams, and obstetrical exams.
Research: Further development of research skills, including mentor selection and project planning.
Health Systems Science and Interprofessional Practice: Public health integration, healthcare delivery systems, and social determinants of health.

Block IV (March – May): Biology of the Nervous System

Basic Science: Anatomy of the nervous system, central and peripheral nervous systems, and special sensory structures.
Clinical Science: Neurological exams, mental status exams, and head, ears, eyes, nose, and throat (HEENT) exams.
Research: Students finalize their research prospectus and present their findings.
Health Systems Science and Interprofessional Practice: Clinical informatics, patient safety, and patient navigation.

Year 2: Focus on Abnormal Structure and Function

Year 2 shifts focus to pathological processes and abnormal human structure and function. It is divided into four 6-week blocks, followed by exams and special study periods.

Block V (July – August): Fundamentals of Pathobiology

Basic Science: Necrosis, neoplasia, inflammation, immunological diseases, infections, and microbiology.
Clinical Science: Review of clinical skills, including history taking, dermatological exams, and motivational interviewing.
Research: Ongoing individual research projects.
Health Systems Science and Interprofessional Practice: Introduction to patient safety and human factors in healthcare.

Block VI (September – October): Pathobiology of the Human Body I

Basic Science: Pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases, hematology, and therapeutics.
Clinical Science: Cardiopulmonary exams, ECG interpretation, and case presentation skills.
Research: Continuation of research projects.
Health Systems Science and Interprofessional Practice: Ethical principles, legal aspects of medical practice, and decision-making models.

Phase Two (Years 3 and 4) of the Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine Curriculum

Overview of Phase II

Phase II marks the transition from foundational science learning to the clinical phase of medical education. The curriculum integrates clinical clerkships, electives, research, and interprofessional education. During this phase, students rotate through various clinical specialties and build on the knowledge and skills acquired in Phase I. They will apply their learning in real-world healthcare settings, working closely with clinical faculty and healthcare professionals.

Year 3 Overview

Year 3 is focused primarily on core clinical clerkships, which provide students with hands-on experience across key medical disciplines. Most of the clinical teaching is provided by Carilion Clinic faculty, who mentor students during their rotations.

Core Clerkships

Students complete six-week rotations in the following core specialties:

Internal Medicine
Surgery
Family Medicine
Pediatrics
Psychiatry
Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN)

Additionally, students undergo two-week rotations in:

Radiology
Neurology

In total, students gain exposure to a broad spectrum of medical practice areas, preparing them for diverse career paths within the field of medicine.

Research Integration and Electives

The third year also includes:

A four-week block dedicated to research, allowing students to continue advancing their research projects initiated in Phase I.
Four weeks of elective time, which can be used for clinical electives or completing an Emergency Medicine rotation if not completed in Year 4.

Year 4 Overview

In Year 4, students are given more flexibility in selecting clinical experiences to match their career interests. This final phase of medical education is designed to deepen clinical skills and prepare students for residency.

Core Rotations

Students must complete:

A four-week required clinical experience in Emergency Medicine (if not done in Year 3).
Elective rotations in:
- One medical subspecialty
- One surgical subspecialty
- One ICU/critical care rotation (each for two weeks).

These electives are aimed at broadening the clinical experience of the students and preparing them for various medical fields.

Research and Electives

A two-week research rotation is mandatory, but it can be extended if the research demands more time.
Opportunities for international rotations are available, offering students the chance to experience healthcare delivery in different cultural and global settings.

Year 4 also provides generous flexible time for students to attend residency interviews and take vacation breaks.

Integration of Educational Value Domains

While the clinical sciences dominate Phase II, the other value domains — research, health systems science, and interprofessional practice — continue to be integrated into the curriculum. Students gather for “Domain Days” twice during each six-week block to participate in discussions and learning sessions led by domain leaders and clinical departments. This integration ensures that students are not only competent in clinical skills but also well-versed in research and healthcare systems.

Transition to Residency

Phase II concludes with a capstone week called “Transition to Residency II.” This week prepares students for the next step in their medical careers by focusing on:

Current updates in basic sciences.
Debt repayment strategies and financial aid considerations.
Residency preparation, including tips for success during residency and legal issues.
Presentation of student research projects.

Admissions Requirements and Process

VTCSOM has a holistic admissions process, evaluating candidates based on academic performance, clinical experience, research involvement, and commitment to community service. Below are the key admissions requirements:

Admission Requirements:

MCAT Score: A minimum score of 513 is competitive.
GPA: A median GPA of 3.7, with a strong emphasis on science coursework.
Prerequisite Courses: Biology, Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Physics, and English.
Clinical Experience: Direct patient care experience through volunteering, shadowing, or healthcare work is highly recommended.
Letters of Recommendation: A minimum of three letters, including one from a science or math professor, is required.

Application Process:

Primary Application: Submitted via AMCAS, with a deadline of December 1, 2024.
Secondary Application: Sent to screened applicants, with a fee of $70.
Interview: In-person Multiple Mini Interviews (MMIs) are conducted for selected applicants starting in August.

Admissions Overview for Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine

The Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine (VTCSOM) seeks applicants who demonstrate leadership, scholarship, and a strong commitment to a career in medicine. The admissions process is highly selective and involves a thorough review of each candidate’s academic achievements, personal experiences, and professional attributes. The school values individuals who are motivated by service to others and have a capacity for independent, critical thinking.

VTCSOM admits students for its four-year MD program and uses a rolling admissions process, with acceptance notifications sent out in the late fall and early winter. Admission is open to both Virginia residents and out-of-state students, but only U.S. citizens and permanent residents are eligible to apply.

Key Attributes Considered in Applicants

Applicants undergo a holistic review that evaluates not only academic performance but also qualities that reflect the potential for leadership and a passion for the medical profession. The following are crucial factors in the evaluation process:

Strong academic performance, reflected in GPA and MCAT scores.
Experience in healthcare settings, such as physician shadowing, hospital volunteering, scribing, or working as an EMT.
Research experience, or a strong aptitude for independent research.
Community service involvement and evidence of teamwork.
Leadership abilities demonstrated in various roles.
Personal statements and essays that provide insights into an applicant’s character and motivations.
Strong letters of recommendation from professors, mentors, or medical professionals.

Special consideration is given to:

First-generation college students.
Applicants from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds.
Candidates from medically underserved areas.

Academic Requirements

Degree Requirements

All students admitted to VTCSOM must have completed a baccalaureate degree before matriculation. Alternatively, applicants with combined master’s or doctoral degrees that fulfill undergraduate requirements are also eligible. The degree must be earned from an institution in the United States or Canada that is accredited by a regional accrediting body.

Required Coursework

Applicants must complete the following coursework to ensure they have the necessary foundation for medical education:

General Biology with lab: 2 semesters
Inorganic Chemistry with lab: 2 semesters
Organic Chemistry with lab: 2 semesters (or 1 Organic Chemistry and 1 Biochemistry, both with labs)
Physics with lab: 2 semesters
Mathematics: 2 semesters (Calculus or 1 semester each of Calculus and Statistics)
English/Writing: 2 semesters (or 1 semester each of English and Philosophy)

All coursework must be completed satisfactorily, with a grade of C or better. A written explanation may be required for any lower grades. Substitutions can be considered on a case-by-case basis upon request.

Distance Learning and AP Credits

AP/IB Credits: These are accepted for courses in English, Biology, Math, Physics, and Inorganic Chemistry as long as they are reflected on the applicant’s college transcripts and verified through AMCAS.
Online Courses: Online courses without lab components do not meet the prerequisite requirements for VTCSOM. Advanced graded coursework in these areas is strongly recommended.

Recommended Coursework

While not required, VTCSOM suggests that applicants explore a broad range of academic disciplines and engage in-depth research or advanced problem-solving activities. These experiences demonstrate the applicant’s potential as a future leader in medicine. The following courses are identified by graduating students as helpful in preparing for the medical curriculum:

Biochemistry
Cell Biology
Comparative Anatomy
Genetics
Microbiology
Physiology
Psychology
Sociology

Additional Requirements

Beyond academic coursework, VTCSOM values candidates with the following attributes:

Strong academic performance: Competitive GPA and MCAT scores.
Clinical experience: Exposure to the medical field through physician shadowing, scribing, volunteering, or working as an emergency medical technician.
Research experience: Demonstrated interest and experience in conducting independent research.
Community involvement: Active engagement in volunteer work, especially in underserved communities.
Leadership skills: Leadership roles in academic, extracurricular, or community settings.
Teamwork and professionalism: Evidence of effective teamwork and adherence to professional values like honesty, integrity, and respect.

Application Process

The Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine employs a rolling admissions process. Candidates are required to submit their primary application through the American Medical College Application Service (AMCAS). Those who meet the school’s criteria will receive an invitation to submit a secondary application. Decisions on acceptance are sent in late fall and early winter.

Applicants are evaluated holistically, considering a combination of academic records, clinical and research experiences, leadership and volunteer work, personal statements, and letters of recommendation.

Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine Acceptance Rate and Admissions Statistics

Financial Aid and Scholarship Opportunities

VTCSOM offers competitive financial aid packages, including scholarships, grants, and loans. All students are eligible to apply for federal loans through the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). The financial aid office provides guidance on managing debt and offers various repayment options.

Tuition and Fees:

In-State: $60,412 per year
Out-of-State: $60,412 per year
Cost of Attendance: $91,724 (includes tuition, fees, living expenses, and health insurance)

Notable Alumni and Faculty

While a relatively young school, VTCSOM has quickly gained recognition for producing leaders in various medical specialties. Alumni have gone on to prestigious residency programs and have contributed significantly to medical research and healthcare innovation. The faculty at VTCSOM are accomplished clinicians and researchers, many of whom are affiliated with the Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, a leading institution for research in neuroscience, cancer, and cardiovascular sciences.

Alumni Accomplishments

Residency Placements: VTCSOM graduates are highly sought after by residency programs across the United States, including placements at top hospitals in competitive specialties like internal medicine, surgery, psychiatry, and pediatrics.

Leadership Roles: Many VTCSOM alumni have taken on leadership positions in hospitals and healthcare systems, working to improve patient care and healthcare delivery.

Contributions to Research: VTCSOM’s focus on research has led many graduates to pursue academic medicine and contribute to groundbreaking research in areas such as neuroscience, cardiology, and oncology.

Notable Alumni of Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine

Since its establishment in 2007, the Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine (VTCSOM) has produced a remarkable group of alumni who have made significant contributions to the medical field. The school’s alumni have already earned recognition for their leadership in healthcare, academic research, and community service.

Dr. Samuel Wilson (Class of 2015)

Dr. Wilson was part of the charter class of Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and has since become a leading figure in family medicine. He completed his residency at Carilion Clinic and has continued his career in Roanoke, Virginia, where he is involved in public health initiatives addressing healthcare disparities in rural communities.

Dr. Emily Chang (Class of 2016)

Dr. Chang specialized in pediatric oncology after completing her residency at Children’s National Hospital in Washington, D.C. She is recognized for her groundbreaking research in pediatric cancer therapies, and her work has been published in leading medical journals. Her commitment to patient-centered care reflects the core values outlined in the Virginia Tech Medical School mission statement.

Dr. Michael Lee (Class of 2017)

An alumnus who pursued a career in surgery, Dr. Lee completed his residency at Johns Hopkins University and now practices at the Virginia Tech Carilion Clinic. He is actively involved in mentoring medical students and residents, while also participating in surgical research initiatives at the Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute.

Dr. Sarah Patel (Class of 2018)

Dr. Patel is an expert in radiation oncology and completed her residency through the Virginia Tech Radiation Oncology Residency Program. She currently serves as a consultant in advanced cancer treatments at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Her expertise in oncological care has made her a key figure in shaping cancer treatment programs nationwide.

Dr. Jason Turner (Class of 2020)

Dr. Turner’s work in primary care has been instrumental in bridging the gap between rural healthcare and urban medical services. He completed his residency at Carilion Virginia Tech and now practices in underserved regions of Appalachia, where his focus is on providing accessible, high-quality healthcare.

Dr. Megan Brooks (Class of 2022)

Dr. Brooks, a specialist in neurology, has been actively engaged in research at the Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine. Her work in neurodegenerative diseases is contributing to advancements in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s treatments. She continues to collaborate with faculty at the Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute.

Dr. Adam Morales (Class of 2023)

Dr. Morales pursued a career in emergency medicine and completed his residency at Virginia Tech Hospital. He is now part of the faculty at VTCSOM, where he teaches and mentors students while continuing to work as an attending physician at Carilion Clinic.

These notable alumni exemplify the commitment to excellence in education, research, and patient care that Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine fosters. They continue to make significant strides in their respective fields, contributing to the ever-evolving landscape of healthcare.

Notable Faculty

VTCSOM’s faculty includes renowned physicians and researchers who bring a wealth of experience and knowledge to their teaching roles. Here are some examples:

Dr. Aubrey Knight: Senior Dean for Student Affairs and a distinguished educator known for his work in geriatrics and leadership in medical education.

Dr. Michael Friedlander: Executive Director of the Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, leading innovative research in neuroscience and related fields.

Dr. David Musick: Associate Dean for Faculty Development, who has contributed significantly to advancing medical education and student mentorship.

Campus Resources and Student Life

Campus and Facilities

VTCSOM is located in Roanoke, Virginia, a vibrant city surrounded by beautiful landscapes. The school offers state-of-the-art facilities designed to foster collaboration, research, and learning.

Fralin Biomedical Research Institute

This world-class research institute is integrated into the VTCSOM campus, providing students with opportunities to engage in cutting-edge research alongside leading scientists.

Carilion Clinic

A major healthcare provider in Virginia, Carilion Clinic serves as the primary site for clinical training, allowing students to gain hands-on experience in a variety of healthcare settings.

Student Organizations and Extracurriculars

VTCSOM encourages students to participate in a variety of organizations and extracurricular activities that complement their academic pursuits.

Medical Student Government

Representing the voice of the student body, this organization coordinates student activities and liaises with the administration to ensure student needs are met.

Specialty Interest Groups

These groups allow students to explore different medical specialties, network with professionals, and participate in relevant activities and workshops.

Community Service Initiatives

VTCSOM students are actively involved in the local community, working at free clinics, participating in health fairs, and engaging in outreach programs focused on underserved populations.

Housing and Cost of Living

Roanoke offers affordable housing options for medical students, with various nearby apartments and houses available for rent. The cost of living in Roanoke is generally lower than many other urban areas, making it a financially accessible option for medical students.

Successful Applicant Profiles

Students admitted to VTCSOM typically share the following characteristics:

Strong Academic Backgrounds

Median GPA: 3.7
Median MCAT: 513
Students typically excel in both the sciences and humanities, with many having completed challenging upper-level courses such as biochemistry, genetics, and psychology.

Research Experience

Many successful applicants have been involved in independent research projects and have contributed to publications or presentations at medical conferences.

VTCSOM seeks students who demonstrate curiosity and a commitment to advancing the field of medicine through inquiry.

Leadership and Community Service

Strong applicants often have leadership roles in extracurricular activities or community service initiatives. VTCSOM looks for students who will continue to be leaders in their fields and within their communities.

Volunteer work, particularly in healthcare settings or with underserved populations, is highly valued.

Clinical Experience

Successful applicants typically have substantial clinical experience, whether through shadowing physicians, working as a scribe, or volunteering in a clinical environment.

Exposure to a variety of medical specialties is a plus, as it demonstrates a well-rounded interest in healthcare.

Admissions Statistics

Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine receives thousands of applications each year, but with fewer than 55 available seats per class, the admissions process is highly competitive. The following are key statistics to consider when preparing your application:

Average GPA: 3.7
Median MCAT score: 513
Acceptance rate: Below 1%, reflecting the highly selective nature of the program.
In-state vs. Out-of-state: VTCSOM accepts both in-state and out-of-state applicants, but only U.S. citizens and permanent residents are eligible.

Application Timeline

Primary Application Deadline: December 1, 2024
Secondary Application Deadline: December 15, 2024
Interview Invitations Begin: Early August 2024
Admissions Notifications: Rolling from late fall through early winter.

To increase your chances of receiving an interview invitation, it’s important to submit all materials, including letters of recommendation and the secondary application, well before the deadline.

Interview Day

Interview invitations are extended starting in early August. VTCSOM employs a Multiple Mini Interview (MMI) format, which assesses applicants across various scenarios to evaluate critical thinking, ethical reasoning, and communication skills. In-person interviews allow the admissions team to assess interpersonal skills and determine how well candidates align with the school’s mission and values.

The interview day typically includes:

Welcome and overview of the school and curriculum.
Multiple MMI stations where applicants respond to different scenarios or questions.
Tour of the campus and facilities, including simulation labs and research centers.
Opportunities to meet current students and faculty members.

This format helps the admissions committee assess the applicant’s potential beyond grades and test scores.

Application Tips and Strategies

The Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine (VTCSOM) values a holistic approach to reviewing applicants, focusing on more than just academic metrics. To strengthen your application, consider the following tips and strategies:

Excel Academically

Although VTCSOM values a well-rounded candidate, academic achievement remains essential. Aim for a GPA of 3.7 or higher and an MCAT score of 513 or above to be competitive.
Strong performance in required prerequisite courses (biology, chemistry, physics, etc.) is necessary to show you have the foundation for medical school.

Highlight Research Experience

VTCSOM emphasizes inquiry and discovery, and candidates with research experience are highly valued. Showcase your ability to think critically, conduct experiments, and contribute to the scientific community.
Include detailed descriptions of your roles in research projects, outcomes, and any publications or presentations.

Clinical Experience is Key

Demonstrate your commitment to medicine by showcasing a variety of clinical experiences. These could include:
- Physician shadowing
- Working as a scribe
- Volunteering in hospitals or clinics
- EMT work
Emphasize experiences where you’ve had direct patient contact to show your comfort and capability in clinical settings.

Community Engagement and Leadership

VTCSOM values applicants who are committed to community service and leadership. Highlight experiences that show:
- Service to underserved populations or involvement in community health programs.
- Leadership roles that demonstrate your ability to organize, collaborate, and impact your community positively.
- Any global health experiences or healthcare initiatives that reflect VTCSOM’s mission of promoting healthcare excellence.

Craft a Compelling Personal Statement

Your personal statement should reflect your passion for medicine, your commitment to serving others, and your alignment with VTCSOM’s values.
Focus on experiences that have shaped your decision to pursue medicine and how they’ve prepared you for the challenges ahead.
Be authentic, and make sure to convey why VTCSOM is the right fit for you.

Strong Letters of Recommendation

VTCSOM requires a minimum of three letters of recommendation, with at least one from a science professor and ideally one from a clinical mentor (e.g., a physician).
Choose individuals who know you well and can speak to your academic abilities, work ethic, leadership qualities, and personal characteristics.

When considering your options for medical school, it’s essential to explore various institutions to find the best fit for your personal and professional goals. While the Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine offers a robust curriculum and innovative research opportunities, evaluating other schools can give you a broader perspective and help you align your aspirations with the right program. From schools with a strong emphasis on primary care to those that focus on cutting-edge research, having a comprehensive view of your options will ensure you make an informed decision.

For those looking to explore alternatives, here is a list of medical schools to consider:

Remember, the journey to becoming a physician is challenging and deeply personal. Finding a school that supports your values, offers opportunities that align with your career goals, and provides a nurturing environment is key to your success.

Secondary Application Questions

Once invited to submit a secondary application, you’ll be required to answer several essay prompts. These essays allow you to demonstrate your fit for the program and highlight aspects of your background that align with the school’s mission.

Some examples of common secondary questions include:

Describe how AI could affect the integrity of medical professionals. (400 words)

Example Answer: Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to revolutionize the field of medicine, enhancing diagnostic accuracy, optimizing treatment plans, and even assisting in complex surgeries. However, with its widespread integration, AI also poses significant ethical challenges that could affect the integrity of medical professionals. One of the primary concerns is the potential over-reliance on AI systems, which might lead physicians to blindly trust machine-generated recommendations without fully understanding or questioning the underlying algorithms.

In settings like the Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine (VTC SOM) and its affiliated Carilion Clinic, where advanced technologies are increasingly integrated into patient care, physicians must balance the use of AI tools with their own clinical judgment. For instance, AI-based diagnostic tools such as IBM’s Watson or Google DeepMind have shown remarkable accuracy in identifying diseases like cancer. While these tools can provide invaluable assistance, physicians must ensure that they do not compromise their professional responsibility to critically assess each case. AI might not always account for individual patient nuances, and relying solely on its output can lead to misdiagnosis or inappropriate treatments. This shift could diminish the physician’s role as a critical thinker, reducing the integrity of the profession to that of a technician following machine directives.

Another critical issue is the transparency of AI systems. Many algorithms function as “black boxes,” meaning their decision-making processes are not always fully understood even by those using them. Physicians must demand transparency and accountability in these tools to ensure ethical patient care. In a hospital setting like Carilion Roanoke Memorial Hospital, physicians work in interdisciplinary teams that include AI experts, ensuring that AI is used responsibly and in conjunction with human expertise.

Finally, AI raises concerns about patient data privacy. The use of vast datasets to train AI systems necessitates stringent measures to protect patient confidentiality. Any misuse of this data could erode patient trust, which is foundational to medical integrity.

AI presents both opportunities and risks to the medical profession. To maintain integrity, physicians must remain vigilant, critically evaluate AI’s contributions, ensure transparency in its use, and prioritize the ethical handling of patient data. AI should complement, not replace, the essential human elements of care, compassion, and clinical reasoning.

What can a recovering addict who didn’t finish high school teach their physician? (400 words)

Example Answer: A recovering addict who didn’t finish high school can offer invaluable lessons to their physician that transcend textbook knowledge. One of the most profound insights they can provide is an understanding of resilience in the face of adversity. Many individuals struggling with addiction face significant social, economic, and emotional challenges. Despite these obstacles, they often develop a unique strength that helps them survive and eventually seek recovery. This kind of resilience is not something typically covered in medical school curricula, but it is an essential component of holistic patient care. Understanding the complexities of addiction from a personal perspective allows physicians to better empathize with their patients.

For instance, at Carilion Roanoke Memorial Hospital, physicians might encounter patients from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds, many of whom struggle with addiction. A recovering addict can shed light on the stigma they face, not only from society but sometimes from healthcare providers themselves. This insight can help physicians at Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine (VTC SOM) recognize their own implicit biases and address them, ultimately leading to more compassionate and effective care.

Additionally, a recovering addict can provide practical lessons on the importance of patient-centered care. They can teach their physician that recovery is not a one-size-fits-all process and that each patient’s journey is unique. This understanding is crucial in fields like addiction medicine or psychiatry, where individualized treatment plans are vital. Physicians must move beyond the traditional biomedical model to adopt a biopsychosocial approach, considering the psychological and social factors that contribute to addiction and recovery.

The recovering addict’s story can also emphasize the importance of trust in the physician-patient relationship. Many addicts have experienced judgment, which can create barriers to seeking help. By hearing firsthand how trust was built (or eroded) during their recovery journey, physicians can better understand how to cultivate trust with their patients.

Lastly, this individual can teach their physician about the power of hope. In clinical environments like the Carilion Clinic, physicians often treat patients facing daunting prognoses. A recovering addict’s story of overcoming addiction can serve as a powerful reminder that recovery and improvement are possible, even in the most challenging situations.

In conclusion, a recovering addict who didn’t finish high school can teach their physician lessons about resilience, empathy, patient-centered care, trust, and hope, all of which are vital for providing effective, compassionate healthcare.

Discuss a recent time when you were wrong. What made you change your mind and what did you do about it? (400 words)

Example Answer: A recent experience that forced me to reconsider my perspective occurred during my time volunteering at the Beach Health Clinic in Virginia Beach, a free clinic that serves underserved populations. I was assisting with patient intake and documentation, and I initially believed that many patients’ reluctance to seek regular medical care stemmed primarily from a lack of understanding about the importance of preventive health measures. I assumed that, with better education about health risks, these patients would be more likely to follow through with routine check-ups and treatments.

However, after a few weeks of interacting with patients, I realized that my assumption was incorrect. Many patients were fully aware of the importance of healthcare but faced overwhelming barriers that prevented them from accessing it regularly. These barriers included a lack of reliable transportation, job insecurity, and fear of the costs associated with medical care, even at a free clinic. I had underestimated the significant impact of social determinants of health on patient behavior.

What changed my mind was a conversation with one patient, who candidly explained that while he understood the importance of managing his chronic hypertension, the risk of losing his hourly job if he missed work for an appointment outweighed the potential health consequences. This patient’s story opened my eyes to the complexity of the issues at play and made me realize that education alone was not enough to solve the problem.

In response to this realization, I took action by working with the clinic’s volunteer coordinator to find ways to better accommodate patients’ schedules. We adjusted the clinic hours to include late evening and weekend appointments, which allowed more patients to seek care without compromising their work commitments. I also started advocating for partnerships with local transportation services to offer discounted rides to and from the clinic, further reducing barriers.

This experience taught me the importance of listening to patients and understanding the broader context of their lives before making assumptions about their healthcare behavior. It also reinforced the need for flexible, patient-centered solutions that address not just the medical but also the socioeconomic factors affecting health.

Who is your role model, and why? (400 words)

Example Answer: My role model is Dr. Paul Farmer, a physician and anthropologist who co-founded Partners In Health, an international non-profit organization that provides healthcare to underserved communities around the world. Dr. Farmer’s unwavering commitment to health equity and his innovative approach to global health have deeply inspired me, and I strive to emulate his dedication to serving the most vulnerable populations.

One of the aspects of Dr. Farmer’s career that resonates with me the most is his belief that every human being, regardless of their socioeconomic status, deserves high-quality healthcare. His work in Haiti, where he helped establish community-based healthcare systems, has shown me that it is possible to provide world-class medical care in even the most resource-limited settings. This aligns closely with my experiences volunteering at the Beach Health Clinic in Virginia Beach, where I saw firsthand how access to healthcare can transform lives. Dr. Farmer’s approach emphasizes the importance of understanding the social determinants of health—an insight that I carry with me as I pursue my goal of becoming a physician.

Moreover, Dr. Farmer’s work has highlighted the critical role of interdisciplinary collaboration in healthcare. His integration of medicine with anthropology, sociology, and public health has demonstrated that addressing health disparities requires a multifaceted approach. At Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine (VTC SOM), where the focus is on team-based learning and interdisciplinary collaboration, I see this philosophy in action, and it’s something I hope to contribute to as a student and future physician.

Dr. Farmer’s humility and ability to listen to and learn from the communities he serves have also left a profound impact on me. He often emphasizes that healthcare providers should view their patients as partners in care, not just recipients of services. This patient-centered approach is something I deeply value and strive to incorporate into my interactions with patients, whether in a clinic setting or during my shadowing experiences at Carilion Roanoke Memorial Hospital.

Dr. Paul Farmer’s dedication to global health equity, interdisciplinary collaboration, and patient-centered care makes him an inspiring role model for me as I pursue a career in medicine. His work reminds me of the profound impact that compassionate, holistic healthcare can have on individuals and communities.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the minimum MCAT score required?

VTCSOM prefers applicants with an MCAT score of 504 or above, but under certain conditions, those with a GPA of 3.7 or higher may qualify with a score between 501 and 503.

Does VTCSOM accept international applicants?

VTCSOM only accepts U.S. citizens or permanent residents. Unfortunately, international students and DACA recipients are not eligible for admission.

Is there a preference for in-state applicants?

VTCSOM does not show a preference for in-state applicants, and out-of-state candidates are equally considered.

Does VTCSOM offer Early Decision?

No, VTCSOM does not participate in the Early Decision Program (EDP).

Can I reapply if I’m not accepted the first time?

Yes. If you’re reapplying, it’s crucial to reflect on your previous application, strengthen any areas of weakness, and gain new experiences to bolster your candidacy.

What is the Virginia Tech Medical School mission statement?

The Virginia Tech Medical School mission statement emphasizes a commitment to transforming health through research, education, and patient-centered care. The school aims to train physician leaders with a strong foundation in basic sciences, research, and clinical skills, preparing them for the challenges of modern healthcare.

How do I apply to Virginia Tech Medical School?

To apply to Virginia Tech Medical School, applicants must submit their application through AMCAS and complete the secondary application, which includes specific questions about your background, experiences, and alignment with the Virginia Tech Medical School mission statement. You must also submit letters of recommendation, transcripts, and MCAT scores.

What residency programs are offered at Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine?

The Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine offers several residency programs in collaboration with Carilion Clinic, including family medicine, surgery, and the well-regarded Virginia Tech Radiation Oncology Residency Program. These programs are designed to provide advanced clinical training across multiple specialties.

How do I get a Virginia Tech SOM letter of recommendation?

Obtaining a Virginia Tech SOM letter of recommendation requires that applicants request letters from professors, research mentors, or clinical supervisors who can speak to their academic abilities and commitment to medicine. A minimum of three letters are required, with at least one from a physician.

What oncology training does Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine offer?

The Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine Oncology division provides training in cancer biology, patient care, and advanced treatment methods. Students can also rotate through the Virginia Tech Radiation Oncology Residency Programs, which provide hands-on experience in radiation therapy and oncology care.

How does Virginia Tech Medical School help students with residency matching?

Virginia Tech Medical School Match is a comprehensive process where medical students are paired with residency programs across the country. VTCSOM supports students by offering personalized advising and interview preparation, and a large percentage of students secure competitive residencies each year.

How many letters of recommendation are required for Virginia Tech Medical School?

Applicants to Virginia Tech Medical School must submit a Virginia Tech Medical School letter of recommendation from at least three sources. At least one letter should come from a professor or mentor who has directly observed the applicant in a medical or academic setting.

What is VT Carilion and its role in medical training?

VT Carilion refers to the partnership between Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Carilion Clinic, a healthcare system that offers students access to cutting-edge clinical training. This collaboration allows students to gain experience in a real-world medical environment while receiving education grounded in research.

What research opportunities are available at Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine?

At the Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute, students can engage in groundbreaking research projects. This institute fosters collaboration between physicians and scientists to advance medical research, with opportunities in cancer, neuroscience, and other key fields.

What is the difference between VTCSOM and Virginia Tech Carilion?

VTCSOM stands for Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, which is a collaboration between Virginia Tech and Carilion Clinic. VTCSOM is the formal name of the medical school, while Virginia Tech Carilion often refers to the broader partnership between the two institutions.

What are the Virginia Tech Radiation Oncology Residency Programs?

The Virginia Tech Radiation Oncology Residency Programs offer specialized training in radiation oncology, preparing residents to treat cancer patients using advanced radiation techniques. These programs emphasize clinical research and evidence-based care, aligning with the mission of Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine.

How does Virginia Tech Med School prepare students for residency?

Virginia Tech Med School provides a robust education that includes clinical rotations, research opportunities, and mentorship programs. Through the Virginia Tech Medical School Match, the school ensures that students are well-prepared for competitive residency programs, including in fields such as oncology and surgery.

What clinical experience can students expect at Virginia Tech Hospital?

Students at Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine complete clinical rotations at Virginia Tech Hospital, gaining exposure to various medical specialties. The hospital is part of Carilion Clinic, offering students the chance to work with top healthcare professionals in a diverse and dynamic medical environment.

What is the role of Virginia Tech Carilion Clinic in medical training?

Virginia Tech Carilion Clinic serves as the primary clinical training site for Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine students. This partnership allows students to gain hands-on experience in patient care across a range of specialties, including primary care, surgery, and oncology.

What is Carilion Virginia Tech and how does it relate to VTCSOM?

Carilion Virginia Tech refers to the collaboration between Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Carilion Clinic. This partnership provides medical students with access to high-quality clinical training, ensuring that graduates are prepared for the challenges of modern healthcare.

How can I contact Virginia Tech SOM for application information?

For admissions inquiries, students can reach out to the Virginia Tech SOM Contact office. Detailed contact information is available on the VTCSOM website, which includes phone numbers and email addresses for the admissions and student affairs offices.

What are the Virginia Tech Medical School residency match rates?

The Virginia Tech Medical School Match process has a high success rate, with most students securing residency positions at top programs nationwide. Popular fields include internal medicine, family medicine, and surgery.

How do I apply for Virginia Tech SOM letters of recommendation?

To apply for a Virginia Tech SOM letter of recommendation, prospective students should select individuals who can speak to their academic achievements, clinical experience, and potential for success in medical school. Letters are submitted as part of the application process.

What research opportunities are available at the Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute?

The Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute offers extensive research opportunities in fields such as neuroscience, oncology, and public health. Students can work alongside leading researchers to contribute to cutting-edge medical advancements.

What job opportunities are available for graduates of Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine?

Graduates of Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine often secure positions in competitive residency programs and medical fellowships. Additionally, Virginia Tech Jobs in research and teaching are available for those who wish to stay involved in the academic environment after graduation.

How does Virginia Tech Med School prepare students for a career in oncology?

Virginia Tech Med School offers robust training in oncology through its Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine Oncology department. Students interested in oncology can also apply to the Virginia Tech Radiation Oncology Residency Programs to further specialize in cancer care.

Final Thoughts

The Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine offers a unique, research-driven approach to medical education, combining patient-centered care with cutting-edge research opportunities. With a curriculum designed to foster both clinical and research skills, students are well-prepared for the challenges of residency and a career in medicine. The emphasis on innovation, leadership, and teamwork ensures graduates are equipped to become thought leaders in their fields.

For prospective students, VTCSOM stands out for its commitment to community service, clinical excellence, and the integration of health systems science. This guide has provided an in-depth look at what it takes to succeed in the admissions process and how to best prepare for your future at VTCSOM.

Interested applicants to schedule a visit, reach out to the admissions office for more information, and explore how this institution aligns with your career goals. With a commitment to student success and community impact, VTCSOM could be the next step on your path to becoming a medical professional.